Non-oxidizable Chemokine-HMGB1, LPS-free - 15 µg

HMGB1 (High Mobility Group Box 1): Redox-Sensitive Functional Forms

Overview: HMGB1 is a vital nuclear protein involved in numerous cellular processes. It is released passively by necrotic cells, retained by apoptotic cells, and actively secreted by inflammatory cells. Essential for development and survival, HMGB1 knockout mice face severe developmental issues and die shortly after birth.

Redox States and Functional Forms of HMGB1:

1. Chemotaxis-HMGB1:
• Characteristics: This form of HMGB1 is fully reduced and exhibits chemoattractant activity.
• Function: Promotes the migration of various cell types to sites of injury or inflammation, facilitating tissue repair and immune responses.
2. Cytokine-HMGB1:
• Characteristics: Contains a disulfide bond between cysteine residues C23 and C45.
• Function: This form is capable of inducing cytokine production, contributing to inflammatory responses and immune system activation.
3. Oxidized HMGB1:
• Characteristics: Further oxidation leads to the formation of sulfonates.
• Function: This oxidation state abrogates both chemotactic and cytokine-inducing activities, effectively rendering HMGB1 inactive in these roles.

Non-Oxidizable HMGB1 Variants:

• Design: In studies aimed at understanding HMGB1's functions in the absence of redox sensitivity, all cysteine residues (C23, C45, and C106) are replaced with serine.
• Properties:
• Chemoattractant Activity: These non-oxidizable variants retain the ability to attract cells both in vitro and in vivo.
• Cytokine-Inducing Activity: They do not induce cytokine production.
• Resistance to ROS: The variants are resistant to inactivation by reactive oxygen species (ROS), making them stable under oxidative conditions.

Applications and Significance:

• Research Utility: Understanding the different redox states of HMGB1 and their functional implications is crucial for studying its role in inflammation, immune responses, and tissue repair.
• Therapeutic Potential: Non-oxidizable variants can be useful in experiments aiming to isolate HMGB1's chemoattractant functions from its cytokine-inducing properties and to explore potential therapeutic interventions for inflammatory diseases.

This detailed understanding of HMGB1’s redox-sensitive forms and their functional roles underscores its importance in both basic research and potential therapeutic applications.

This Immunoassay from Tecan IBL International is for research use only.

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